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Creating an SFS Volume ---------------------- Before SFS can use an disk volume, you will need to convert it from a normal DOS volume into an encrypted SFS one. The program does this is mksfs (Make Secure Filesystem), which is very loosely patterned after the Unix mkfs utility. mksfs takes a standard DOS volume (which may be either freshly formatted or may already contain files) and turns in into an encrypted SFS one. The encryption process is non-destructive, so you won't lose any information already on the volume, except for the (fortunately very rare) case of there being a power cut while the encryption is taking place (this means that power to the system is removed as the disk is being written to, which would cause problems under virtually any software). If the data being encrypted is extremely valuable or there is a risk of a power cut occurring, you should back up the volume completely before you encrypt it, but this step should only be necessary in exceptional circumstances. If you use mksfs on a fixed disk, it will encrypt an entire disk partition rather than individual files. This is necessary because an SFS partition may contain a DOS filesystem, or an OS/2 one, or a HPFS one, or an NTFS one, or any one of a dozen other possible filesystems. However you may only have a single large partition on your hard drive which is used entirely for DOS, so that to use SFS you would have to make a complete backup of the contents of the partition, use the FDISK utility to create two smaller partitions, and then restore the backed-up data onto one of the new partitions. You can avoid this problem by using one of several programs which will nondestructively split an existing partition into two smaller partitions, one of which you can then use as an SFS volume[1][2]. If the hardware or software setup you are using is somewhat unusual (for example you have drives which are compressed with DoubleSpace, Stacker, or JAM, or you have unusual drive hardware which needs special software like SpeedStor to manage it), you should read the section "Troubleshooting" below. In addition, mksfs may, during normal operation, trigger a number of virus detectors which monitor access to certain critical disk and memory areas which software would not normally access. Finally, mksfs will check to see whether you are running it under Quarterdeck's DesqView or Microsoft Windows, as you should in general not run it while DesqView, Windows, or some other multitasking software is active. Since mksfs takes an entire disk volume and encrypts it sector by sector, any other software which tries to simultaneously access the volume while mksfs is running will come to grief. If mksfs detects that it is being run under either DesqView or Windows, it will display a warning message with an option to quit and re-run it from DOS only. Only if there is no chance that any other program will access the disk volume being encrypted is it safe for you to run mksfs under multitasking software. The mksfs program is run in the following manner: mksfs [-c] [-o] [-t] [-e] [serialnumber=<serial number>] [multiuser] [access=<mode>] [timeout=<timeout>] [wipe] [volume=<volume name>] [<drive letter>] Since all arguments are named, you can give them in any order. The order shown here is merely an example. In addition, you can abbreviate all commands, so that for example you can give the `volume=' command as `volume=', `vol=', or even just `v='. The full commands are given in the documentation for completeness. The -t and -c options are present to allow integrity checks on the SFS encryption code and on the operation of mksfs itself, and are covered in more detail in the sections "Troubleshooting" and "Security Analysis" respectively. The drive specifies the DOS drive which will be converted into an SFS volume. For example to create an SFS volume from the disk currently in the A: drive the command would be: mksfs a: It is recommended that you give each SFS volume a unique name for identification purposes. Although you can create unnamed (or anonymous) volumes, this is not a good idea if you are working with fixed disks which can contain multiple SFS volumes. If the volumes are anonymous then you have no easy way of telling SFS which one you want to work with, apart from using the mount option with the SFS driver, which is explained in more detail in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. mksfs will check for and warn you about the creation of anonymous volumes on fixed disks. You can specify name to give the SFS volume with the `volume=' option. For example if the name was "Secure disk volume" then the command would be: mksfs "volume=Secure disk volume" d: Note that the volume name, which in this case contains spaces, has been quoted. This is necessary because DOS will break the name apart into separate words if it contains spaces. If the name is a single word, you don't need to quote it. You can specify the volume serial number with the `serialnumber=' option. If you don't provide a serial number, mksfs will generate one itself. There is no real need for you to specify a volume serial number, but the option has been provided in case you need it. If you do specify a serial number, it should be a unique value since SFS uses it to distinguish between different volumes. If mksfs is left to choose the serial number itself it will automagically use a unique value. The serial number is independant of the volume mount identifier, which is explained in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. This serial number is not the same as the serial number which some operating systems may write to a disk for their own use, and is used only by SFS to identify volumes. Some (mostly extinct) variants of DOS treat removable disks in a peculiar manner, so that mksfs cannot determine the exact disk format. If this happens, it will perform a check on secondary format information stored on the disk. If the information checks out, it will report, for example: Warning: The disk information reports an unusual disk format, performing check on secondary disk information... The disk appears to be in 1.2 MB DSHD format If mksfs still can't be sure of the disk format, it will exit with an error message. Otherwise it will ask: Are you sure you want to process the disk in this format [y/n] If the reported disk format is correct then you should enter 'Y' to continue, or enter 'N' to exit the program. If you require the ability for multiple users to access the volume, you should set the `multiuser' option, which records extra information which you can later edit with the adminsfs program to allow other users access to the volume. You can find more information on multiuser SFS volumes in the section "Sharing SFS Volumes Between Multiple Users" below. If you use the `multiuser' option mksfs will warn: Warning: You have specified that access to the volume for multiple users be enabled. Are you sure you want to do this [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue or 'N' to exit the program. The SFS driver can automatically unmount volumes if you have not accessed them for a certain period of time. This feature is useful if there is a chance that an interruption may call you away from a system with mounted SFS volumes which would allow others access to the encrypted data, or you can simply use it as a general safety precaution to automatically unmount the volumes after a sizeable period of inactivity. However, you should take care to allow a large enough safety margin for the timeout, as having a volume take itself offline five seconds before you want to save your work to it can be annoying. The easiest way to set an auto-unmount timeout is to associate a timeout value with the volume when it is created with mksfs, although you can add this setting or modify an existing setting at a later point with the chsfs program (this is explained in more detail in the section "Changing the Characteristics of an SFS Volume" below). When the volume is mounted, the setting of the timeout is automatically taken care of by the SFS software. You can specify the auto-unmount timeout value in minutes with the `timeout=' option. For example to create the volume used in the previous example with an auto-unmount timeout of half an hour, the command would be: mksfs "volume=Secure disk volume" timeout=30 d: The drive on which the volume is being created may be able to handle a different, faster access mode than the one which is normally used. SFS supports a number of these faster access modes, which you can test for using the `mksfs -c' option which is explained in more detail in the section "Troubleshooting" below. If the tests are successful, mksfs will report the fast access mode which can be used to access the drive. You can specify this mode with the `access=' option when you create a new volume, and all accesses to the volume will then use the alternative, faster method instead of the default, somewhat slower one. Alternatively, you can enable the use of the faster access mode at a later time with the `chsfs newaccess=' command, which is explained in more detail in the section "Changing the Characteristics of an SFS Volume" below. For example if testing the drive with `mksfs -c' reported that an access mode of `ide' was possible, then the previous volume creation example could be changed to: mksfs "volume=Secure disk volume" access=ide When mounted, all accesses to this volume will be made with the specified access mode. If the volume you are encrypting already contains files, the encryption process will replace the original files with their encrypted equivalents. However this may not be enough to safely wipe all traces of the original data. In order to provide a more thorough means of overwriting it, you can use the `wipe' option to force mksfs to perform multiple overwrite passes on the original data. The encrypted data will not be destroyed by performing these wipes, they simply ensure that the original unencrypted data is removed with a high degree of certainty. In total, mksfs will use 35 separate overwrite passes which have been selected to provide the best possible chances of destroying data for various disk encoding schemes. The exact details of the overwrite process, and information on data deletion in general, are given in the section "Deletion of SFS Volumes" below. This process, while very thorough, is *extremely slow*. If you are running mksfs on large volumes with the `wipe' option enabled, the encryption with overwrite may take hours to run to completion. Some hard drives can run quite hot with continuous access, so you may want to ensure that adequate ventilation is available before you start an encrypt with overwrite process. It is recommended that you only use the wipe option if the data you are encrypting is of a highly sensitive nature. You don't need to use the wipe option on an unused, freshly-formatted disk which has never contained any data. mksfs will now scan all drives in the system to check whether the name and serial number for the new volume conflict with the names or serial numbers of any existing SFS volumes. This disk scan may take a few seconds to run to completion. If both the volume name and serial number conflict, this will make future manipulation of the volume difficult as there is no real way to uniquely identify it, and mksfs will exit with the error message: Error: An SFS volume with the given name and serial number already exists. You should either choose a new name or serial number, or not specify a serial number at all, in which case mksfs will choose a unique serial number for the new volume. If the volume with the conflicting name or serial number is on removable media, you can temporarily remove the disk from the drive until mksfs has been run, but this still leaves the problem of accessing the volume in the future. A preferable solution is to either choose a unique volume name or to let mksfs choose the volume serial number - it will always choose a number which doesn't conflict with an existing volumes serial number. If only the volume name clashes, mksfs will warn: Warning: An SFS volume with the given name already exists. Are you sure you want to create a new volume with the same name [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue or 'N' to exit the program. If you try to create an anonymous volume on a fixed disk, mksfs will warn: Warning: You have not specified a name for the volume to be created. This may make future manipulation of the volume difficult. Are you sure you want to create an anonymous volume [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue and 'N' to exit the program. If it's really necessary, you can override these safety checks later on by using chsfs to change the volume's characteristics after it has been created. Unlike mksfs, chsfs is not particular about what the volume name is set to, as it makes the (possibly incorrect) assumption that you know what you are doing. Once the preliminary processing has been done, mksfs will, in the case of a fixed disk, scan it for the volume which is to be encrypted. Along the way it will perform various checks on the volume to make sure the it is accessible, is a standard DOS volume, is not marked as being bootable (booting off an encrypted volume is somewhat difficult), is not the one currently in use, and can be encrypted. Note that the bootability check may not be completely foolproof, as some disk managers[4] perform strange tricks with bootable volumes to handle multiple operating systems on the same disk. mksfs performs an additional check if the volume specified for encryption is the C: drive, which is usually the primary DOS drive and which you should under normal circumstances never encrypt. If you do try to encrypt the C: drive, mksfs will prompt: Warning: You have chosen to encrypt the C: drive which is usually the primary DOS drive and shouldn't be encrypted. Are you sure you want to do this [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue or 'N' to exit the program. If the various checks succeed, mksfs will display an informational message giving details on the volume to be created. An example of the information displayed for a fixed drive might be: Volume `Encrypted disk' will be created on fixed drive D: This drive has a capacity of 75.2 MB and is labelled `Accounting' Are you sure you want to encrypt this volume [y/n] If the indicated volume really is the one you want to convert, enter 'Y' to proceed with the creation of the SFS volume, or 'N' to abort the operation. It is vitally important that you check the information printed by mksfs before you give a `yes' response. Due to the vast array of unusual disk systems, networked drives, compressed disks, device drivers, and other strangeness, it could be that mksfs and DOS disagree on which volume is to be encrypted. In addition it is very easy to specify the wrong drive accidentally when running mksfs. For this reason it is a good idea to stop for a second and make absolutely certain that the volume mksfs is about to encrypt is the one you actually want encrypted. Treat mksfs the same way you would treat the DOS `format' command. For a floppy drive the information is slightly different: Volume `Secure backup' will be created on the 1.44MB disk in drive B: No yes/no prompt is given for removable disks since they contain far less information than fixed disk volumes, and will typically be freshly-formatted, blank diskettes. This allows you to quickly encrypt quantities of diskettes without having to answer the same question for each disk. If necessary you can abort the encryption operation at the password-entry stage. mksfs will now check the volume to be encrypted for bad sectors. Most newer fixed disks will automatically map out bad sectors (if there are any) and use sectors from spare space on the disk instead (all this is invisible to the system software and is done internally by the drive itself). However older drives may still explicitly report bad sectors. The presence of bad sectors on a disk may also indicate a virus infection, or may be used by certain kinds of (hopefully extinct) copy-protection schemes. If mksfs finds any of these, it will print an advisory message: Warning: This disk contains bad sectors which won't be encrypted by SFS. If the disk you are encrypting is a floppy disk, mksfs will print a message recommending that you use another disk instead. If the data is valuable enough to need encryption, then you should really store it on another, error-free disk rather than risking losing it due to a defective floppy disk: Warning: This disk contains bad sectors. Use of damaged disks is not recommended as recovery of encrypted data could be difficult if further bad sectors develop. Are you sure you want to encrypt this disk [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue or 'N' to exit the program. SFS will encrypt the disk, but will skip any sectors marked as being defective. A similar message will be printed if any bad sectors are found during the encryption process. Note that if further bad sectors develop on the floppy disk, recovery of the data stored in the bad sectors will be difficult. It is strongly recommended that you only use error-free floppy disks with SFS[5]. Once the disk checks have been completed, mksfs will ask you for a password to use when encrypting the volume. The password can range in length from 10 to 100 characters, and should be made up of a complete phrase or sentence rather than just a single word (mksfs will complain if it thinks the password is of an insecure form and request that you use a different one). You can find more details on choosing a password in the section "The Care and Feeding of Passwords" below. When asking for the password, mksfs will prompt: Please enter password (10...100 characters), [ESC] to quit: You should now enter the password, which for security reasons is not echoed to the screen. You can correct any typing errors with the backspace key, and use the Esc key to quit. The software will check for a password longer than the maximum of 100 characters or an attempt to backspace past the start of the password, and beep a warning when either of these conditions occur. Once you have entered the password, mksfs will again prompt: Please reenter password to confirm, [ESC] to quit: This confirmation is necessary to eliminate any problems with hitting an incorrect key when you enter the password the first time. Note that every single letter, space, and punctuation mark in the password is critical. Making a single mistake (getting a letter mixed up, typing a letter in upper case instead of lower case, or missing a punctuation mark) will completely change the encryption key. For this reason, mksfs performs a double-check on the password to ensure it really is the correct one. Once you have finished entering the password, there is a brief delay while mksfs performs the complex processing needed to turn it into a key suitable for the encryption system. When this has been completed, mksfs will begin converting the disk. As it processes the volume, it prints a progress bar going from 0% complete to 100% complete. The conversion process will take a few minutes on most disks, and is somewhat slower than a standard disk formatting procedure which only writes a very small amount of data to the start of the disk and scans for bad sectors, whereas mksfs has to read, encrypt, and write the entire disk volume. As the conversion progresses, the progress bar will gradually fill up until it shows that the conversion is complete. Once this has finished, if the volume is created on a removable disk, mksfs will print: The encrypted volume has been created. You can now mount it with the `mountsfs' command. Do you wish to encrypt another disk [y/n] At this point you can enter 'Y' to continue or 'N' to exit the program. If you choose the `yes' response, mksfs will prompt: Please insert a new disk in the drive and press a key when ready and then repeat the disk encryption cycle. If the volume is created on a fixed disk, DOS will still think the volume it was created on is a DOS one rather than an encrypted SFS one. It is strongly recommended that you reboot your machine at this point to clear any memories of the old volume from the system, as any attempt by DOS to access the encrypted volume as a normal DOS volume will cause it to become very confused. As a reminder, mksfs will display the message: The encrypted volume has been created. You can now mount it with the `mountsfs' command, or mount it at system startup with the option `MOUNT=<mount id>' in the CONFIG.SYS entry for the SFS driver. You may wish to reboot your machine to update the status of the SFS volume, which is now inaccessible from DOS. The `<mount id>' will be the ID needed to mount the encrypted volume when the machine is booted. You can find more details on mounting encrypted volumes using the mount ID in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. Footnote [1]: One program which does this is FIPS, currently at version 1.2 and available as fips12.zip from either sunsite.unc.edu in the directory /pub/Linux/system/Install, tsx-11.mit.edu in the directory /pub/linux/dos_utils, garbo.uwasa.fi and all mirror sites in the directory /pc/diskutil, or oak.oakland.edu and all mirror sites in the directory simtel/msdos/diskutil. Footnote [2]: Another partition-reorganizing program is Partition Resizer, currently at version 1.10 and available as presz110.zip from oak.oakland.edu and all mirror sites in the directory simtel/msdos/diskutil. Partition Resizer will resize partitions, change them from 12 to 16-bit FAT and vice versa, move partitions around on the drive, grow a partition to fill unusued disk space, split partitions, and combine partitions. It also includes a built-in recovery mechanism which allows it to recover from system crashes or a power loss while it is running. Partition Resizer can take awhile to resize partitions, especially on larger drives. Footnote [3]: Certain boot sector viruses also change the information needed by mksfs, so mksfs printing this message may be an indication of a viral infection. See `Using SFS for Virus Protection' in the "Applications" section below. Footnote [4]: Among them the OS/2 and Windows NT boot managers. Footnote [5]: Although SFS has been written so that if any data does become corrupted, only the corrupted sector and no others will be lost, if data which is important to the operating system (such as a directory or a file allocation table) is lost, the damage may (just as it would for a normal non-encrypted disk) be more significant. In this case any standard disk-recovery program can be used to make repairs, just as with a normal DOS disk. Mounting an SFS Volume ---------------------- When the operating system first starts, it finds all disk volumes it can recognise and automatically makes them available as different logical drive letters. However it can't do anything with encrypted SFS volumes, and so they are effectively invisible to it. In order to make them visible, you need to mount them using the mountsfs program. Operating systems such as Unix mount filesystems in this manner (in fact the general feel of mountsfs is vaguely like the Unix filesystem mount utility). When the operating system mounts a disk volume, it uses the rather primitive mechanism of assigning a letter of the alphabet to it and referring to the drive by that letter. SFS, on the other hand, refers to the volume by the name given when the volume is created with mksfs rather than some arbitrary letter (although volumes in removable drives can optionally be referred to by the driver letter). Therefore if the encrypted volume was named "Secure disk volume", mountsfs would mount "Secure disk volume" rather than, say, "E:". A fixed disk can contain multiple encrypted volumes, mountsfs will choose the appropriate one based on the volume name. When searching for volumes to mount, all fixed disks are checked before any removable disks are checked, so that a volume with a given name on a fixed disk would take precedence over a volume of the same name on a floppy disk. Once the volume is mounted, DOS will still refer to it by a drive letter as usual (there's only so much the SFS software can do), so that "Secure disk volume" will, after being mounted with SFS, appear as just another DOS drive, for example E:. If necessary you can swap the drive letter which SFS uses with the JSWAP utility which comes as part of the JAM disk compression software. The use of JSWAP for manipulating drive letters rather than the DOS commands ASSIGN, SUBST, and JOIN, or other third-party utilities such as the one provided with Stacker are recommended, as JSWAP provides the safest means of swapping drive letters. The JAM software also contains the JDRIVE utility, which allows you to assign specific drive letters to SFS mount points, so that, for example, you could force the SFS drive to be E: rather than the drive letter DOS would normally assign to it. The JAM disk compression software is discussed in more detail in the section "Creating Compressed SFS Volumes" below. You may prefer to refer to volumes on removable disks by the drive they are in rather than via the volume name, in which case you should specify the drive using the usual letters A: or B:, and the volume name will be ignored. As before, once the disk is mounted with SFS, the volume will appear as another DOS drive, for example E:. If the disk is accessed as E:, the SFS driver will encrypt and decrypt data being written to it and read from it. If the disk is accessed as A: or B:, DOS will either display garbage or report a general failure error as it doesn't understand the contents of the encrypted disk. You can still use the A: or B: drive letters to read normal DOS disks, but in order to prevent accidental overwriting of data on different disks, the SFS driver will automatically unmount a volume if it detects that a disk change has occurred since the last time it accessed the drive. The mountsfs program is run in the following manner: mountsfs [+r] [+rw] [status] [unmount] [info] [information] [hotkey=<Ctrl>-<Alt>-<LeftShift>-<RightShift>-<letter> or none] [timeout=<timeout>] [cardcontrol=<action>] [user=<username>] [userfile=<user file>] [mountdrive=<drive unit>] [volume=<volume name>] [<drive letter>] Since all arguments are named, you can give them in any order. The order shown here is merely an example. In addition, you can abbreviate all commands, so that for example you can give the `volume=' command as `volume=', `vol=', or even just `v='. The full commands are given in the documentation for completeness. Some of the options shown above are not covereed here but will be explained in the next section, "Unmounting an SFS Volume". When mountsfs starts, it first performs a number of checks on the internal status of the SFS driver. If it requires the driver to be present for the operation to be performed but can't find it, it will exit with the error message: Error: Cannot find SFS driver This problem is due to the driver not being loaded, either because you have't specified it in the CONFIG.SYS file, or because there was some error when it was loaded and it de-installed itself. More information on this is given in the section "Loading the SFS Driver" above. If the driver reports a general internal consistency check failure or a consistency check failure for a particular drive unit (in this case drive F:), mountsfs will exit with the error message: Error: SFS driver internal consistency check failed or: Error: SFS driver consistency check failed for unit F: A driver check failure is generally due to some other program or system software corrupting the driver's internal state. You can find possible solutions to this problem in the section "Troubleshooting" below. In general you can specify the SFS volume to use by giving the volume's name with the `volume=' option. For example if the name was "Secure disk volume" then the command would be: mountsfs volume=secure You can give the name in upper or lower case and don't have to specify the full name, as mountsfs will match whatever part of the name you supply to the names of any SFS volumes it finds until it finds a match. The SFS volumes are checked in the same order as they are displayed with the `mountsfs info' or `mountsfs information' command. Alternatively, if the SFS volume to be accessed is on a removable disk, you can specify it using its drive letter instead of its volume name. For example if the disk drive the volume was in was A: then the command would be: mountsfs a: mountsfs will not mount volumes using the mount identifier, as this is reserved for use with volumes mounted when the SFS driver is loaded. More information on this is given in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. You can use the `info' option to find all available SFS volumes. This will by default search the system for available volumes and print a list of the volume names, creation dates, sizes, and whether the volumes are currently mounted or not. For example on a system with two SFS volumes the output from `mountsfs info' might be: Date Size Type Mount status Volume Name -------- -------- ---- ------------- ---------------------------------------- 01/11/93 Floppy DOS Unmounted Data backup 06/09/93 10.0 MB DOS Mounted as E: Personal financial records 12/04/93 42.5 MB DOS Unmounted Encrypted data disk This shows three SFS volumes, an unmounted volume in a floppy drive containing backup data, a smaller one on a fixed disk containing personal financial records which is currently mounted as drive E:, and a larger one containing general encrypted data which is currently unmounted. Note that removable media is treated in a special manner and the exact disk size is indeterminate as the media may change at any time. The volume creation date is formatted according to the country setting on the machine being used, so that the datestamp is day/month/year in Europe and related countries, month/day/year in the US and related countries, and year/month/day in Japan. Both volumes shown here are DOS volumes, but future versions of SFS may support other volume types such as OS/2 HPFS, Windows NTFS, and Linux Unix ones. If you need more information than the `info' command provides, you can use the longer "information" form of the command, which will display extra details such as the volume serial number, the mount identifier (see the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below for more information), the volume filesystem type, whether multiuser volume access is possible, what type of disk access mode is used for the volume, the volume name character set, the default auto-unmount timeout value (which can be overridden when the volume is mounted if required), and whether access to the volume is controlled via a smart card and what actions are associated with the smart card, as well as the other information displayed by the usual `mountsfs info' command. If, in the previous example, you had used `mountsfs information' instead of `mountsfs info' the output might have been: Volume name : Data backup Volume date : 01/11/93, 10:13:01 Volume serial number: 3276713527 Volume size : Removable media Volume filesys type : DOS Mount status : Unmounted No mount at system startup possible Multiuser access : Disabled Disk access mode : Default Vol.name char.set: ISO 646/ASCII Current access mode : Default Unmount timeout : None set Smart card access : Yes, basic mem.card Card removal action : Make volume readonly Volume name : Personal financial records Volume date : 06/09/93, 11:22:19 Volume serial number: 177545 Volume size : 10.0 MB Volume filesys type : DOS Mount status : Mounted as E: Mount ID : 03A12F7B Multiuser access : Disabled Disk access mode : Default Vol.name char.set: ISO 646/ASCII Current access mode : Default Unmount timeout : 30 minutes Smart card access : No Card removal action : - Volume name : Encrypted data disk Volume date : 12/04/93, 22:17:00 Volume serial number: 69231461 Volume size : 42.5 MB Volume filesys type : DOS Mount status : Unmounted Mount ID : 42DD2536 Multiuser access : Enabled Disk access mode : IDE direct Vol.name char.set: ISO 646/ASCII Current access mode : IDE direct Unmount timeout : 10 minutes Smart card access : No Card removal action : - By default these two commands will display information on all available volumes. If you require information on an individual volume then you can give the volume's name or drive letter in addition to the `info' or `information' option. To change the previous use of the `info' command to apply only to the volume named "Data backup", the command might be: mountsfs info volume=backup and the output would be as follows: Date Size Type Mount status Volume Name -------- -------- ---- ------------- ---------------------------------------- 01/11/93 Floppy DOS Unmounted Data backup You can use the `status' option to check whether any volumes are currently mounted. As with the `info' and `informaton' options, by default information on all mounted SFS volumes is displayed. If you require information on an individual volume then you can give the volume's name or drive letter in addition to the `status' option. Thus the command: mountsfs status will return the status of the volumes on all mount points, as well as an indication of the current setting of the quick-unmount hotkey and the auto-unmount timeout settings for any mounted volumes (the latter are explained in more detail below), whereas the command: mountsfs status f: will return the above status information only on the volume currently mounted as F:. An example of the output of the `status' command when run on the setup shown in the `info' command examples with a total of two mount points available might be: SFS volume `Personal financial records' is mounted as drive E:, and will time out in 18 minutes. Drive F: has no volume mounted The quick-unmount hotkey is set to `LeftShift-RightShift'. If you had mounted the `Data backup' volume instead of the `Personal financial records' one, the output would be: SFS volume `Data backup' is mounted as drive E:, This volume will become readonly if the smart card is removed. Drive F: has no volume mounted The quick-unmount hotkey is set to `LeftShift-RightShift'. You can use the `+r' and `+rw' options to specify read and write access to the encrypted volume. `+r' allows read-only access and `+rw' allows read and write access. The default is to allow read/write access. Note that although mounting an SFS volume read-only will stop all standard software from writing to it, it may not stop some malicious programs such as viruses which have been specially written to attack the SFS driver itself, or which are created specifically to destroy disk data by bypassing the operating system and accessing the disk hardware or firmware directly[1]. The read-only option is provided mainly to stop any accidental overwriting of valuable data on encrypted volumes. You can also specify the use of read-only access when an SFS volume is mounted at the time the SFS driver is loaded. More details on this and on mounting volumes at system startup are given in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. You can change the read/write status of one or more volumes once you have mounted them by running mountsfs with the '+r' or '+rw' option. This will change the read/write status of the specified volume or all volumes as appropriate. For example to allow read/write access to the volume mounted as F: the command would be: mountsfs +rw f: If the volume allows multiuser access, only the volume administrator can directly mount it in the manner described above. Normal volume users must specify their user name with the `user=<username>' command in addition to the usual mount parameters in order to mount the volume[2]. The user name is the name under which access is granted by the system administrator. Like the volume name, you can specify any portion of the user name and mountsfs will match whatever part of the name is given to any user names until it finds a match. You can also specify the name of the file to search for user access information using the `userfile=<user file>' command. For example if the volume in the previous example allowed multiuser access and one of the users who had been granted access to the volume was "Henry Akely", he could mount it with the command: mountsfs volume=secure user=henry If you try to mount a volume with no multiuser access capabilities in this manner, mountsfs will exit with the error message: Error: This volume has multi-user access disabled If mountsfs cannot find any access information for the given user in the user access file or files, it will exit with an error message: Error: Cannot find access information for user `henry' An individual user's access rights to the volume, as set by the volume administrator, may override certain options specified in mountsfs. You can find more details on this, and on the operation of shared SFS volumes as a whole, in the section "Sharing SFS Volumes Between Multiple Users" below. When you use mountsfs to mount a volume, it will first check to see whether there is room to mount it. If all available mount points are already occupied, it will print: Error: All available drives are allocated - unmount an existing volume first and exit. In this case you should either unmount an existing volume to free up a mount point and allow the new volume to be mounted, or increase the number of mount points with the `UNITS=n' command when the SFS driver is loaded. You can find more information on how to do this in the section "Loading the SFS Driver" above. By default, mountsfs will choose the first available mount point to mount the new volume. However, you can tell it which mount point to use with the `mountdrive=' option, which lets you specify the drive letter you want the volume mounted as. You can only specify drive letters which are controlled by the SFS driver, so that if the driver displayed the message: Encrypted volumes will be mounted as drives F: - H: on startup then you could specify that a volume be mounted as either F:, G:, or H:. For example to mount the volume "Secure disk volume" from the previous example as drive G: the command would be: mountsfs mountdrive=g: volume=secure If this drive letter already has a volume mounted, mountsfs will display: Drive G: already has a volume mounted. You should either specify a different drive, or let mountsfs choose a drive for you. You can either use a different drive, or let mountsfs choose the drive for you, or even unmount the volume currently mounted as G: to make room for the new volume. When mountsfs mounts a volume, it will search all available disks for the named volume (if the volume is accessed by name), or check the removable disk for the volume (if the volume is accessed by disk drive letter). If the volume is already mounted, mountsfs will print: Error: Encrypted volume is already mounted and exit. Otherwise, it will print a summary of the volume giving the read/write status, the drive type and drive letter, and the volume name and date if one exists, for example: Volume will be mounted as fixed drive E:. Encrypted volume is `Personal correspondence', created 12/08/93 If the volume is controlled by a smart card, it will also print: Access to this volume is controlled by a smart card key. and ask for the appropriate card to be inserted if it is not already present in the reader. Then it will prompt you for the encryption password, either: Please enter password (10...100 characters), [ESC] to quit: or: Please enter smart card password (10...100 characters), [ESC] to quit: depending on whether access to the volume is controlled by a smart card or not. You can now enter the password, which for security reasons is not echoed to the screen. You can correct any typing errors with the backspace key, and use the Esc key to quit. The software will check for a password longer than the maximum of 100 characters or an attempt to backspace past the start of the password, and beep a warning when either of these conditions occur. Once you have entered the password, mountsfs will process it and reprogram the SFS device driver to reflect the change in status. If you are using a smart card and the card is configured so that removing it from the reader will unmount the volume then the reader LED will be set to red to indicate that the card is currently being used by the driver. If the disk you are mounting is a removable one, mountsfs will check that the drive being used supports disk change checking. This is necessary to ensure that the wrong disk isn't accidentally accessed by the driver. If the disk is changed without first being unmounted, the SFS driver will automatically unmount it the next time you try to access it[3]. However if the drive doesn't support the disk change check (generally only rather old drives have this problem), this automatic unmount won't be possible, and mountsfs will warn: Warning: The floppy drive this volume is mounted on does not support disk change checking. You should make sure you unmount the existing volume using either the mountsfs or WinSFS programs or the quick-unmount hotkey when you change disks. If you get this warning then it is essential that you unmount the volume before you change the disk in the drive. The easiest way to unmount a volume is through the quick-unmount hotkey, which is explained in more detail below. Finally, if all is OK, mountsfs will print a short summary message about the action it has performed. For example if you told it to mount a volume, the summary would be: Encrypted volume successfully mounted. Footnote [1]: Viruses capable of doing this are generally called tunneling viruses. Most of them only tunnel down to the the DOS int 21h level (which won't affect SFS), but several tunnel down to the BIOS int 13h level. The DIR II virus tunnels down to the block device driver request level (which again won't affect SFS). In addition there is a report of a virus which will access an IDE hard drive directly through the drive controller ports (which, has the side-effect of crashing Windows when using 32-bit disk access). No viruses capable of accessing SCSI drives through the ASPI or CAM drivers are known. In any case an SFS volume creates a rather bad target for DOS viruses since the DOS drive it corresponds to is only an illusion created by the SFS driver, and the underlying data on disk is invisible to DOS and most viruses. Footnote [2]: Some versions of SFS will automatically know the user's name when a volume is mounted. Unfortunately the DOS version isn't one of these. Footnote [3]: The driver checks for a disk change when a disk read or write attempt is made rather than whenever DOS performs a general disk check, as DOS may perform up to half a dozen consecutive disk checks before doing anything, which leads to a significant loss in performance. Unmounting an SFS Volume ------------------------ Once a volume has been mounted, you may wish to unmount it again, perhaps to remove access to it after you have completed the work which requires it, or to free up a mount point to allow you to mount a new volume. In addition, if a particular SFS volume is contained on a removable disk, it is a good idea to unmount the volume if the disk in the drive is changed, although mounting a new volume will automatically unmount the old volume. You can perform the unmount operation with the `mountsfs unmount' command, with the "Unmount" option of the SFS Control Panel item, by using a quick-unmount hotkey which the SFS driver checks for (see below), by setting an inactivity timeout value after which the volume is automatically unmounted, or by removing the smart card from the reader if you are using a smart card and the card is configured to unmount volumes when it is removed. Like the `mountsfs status' and `mountsfs information' commands, the `mountsfs unmount' command can either apply to individual mounted volumes which are specified by their drive letter, or to all volumes if no drive letter is given. Unmounting a volume also signals the SFS driver software to write all data still held in system buffers to disk and to erase any information it still holds in memory. It is therefore good practice to always unmount volumes as soon as you no longer need them in order to destroy any sensitive information which may still be held by the SFS driver or in a system buffer. For example to unmount all currently mounted volumes the command would be: mountsfs unmount To unmount the volume currently mounted as F: the command would be: mountsfs unmount f: A faster way to unmount all volumes is to use the quick-unmount hotkey which the SFS driver checks for and accepts in place of the standard unmount command. You can use this both as a convenience to quickly and easily unmount all SFS volumes, or as a safety feature to allow encrypted volumes to be instantly unmounted if there is a danger of the data on them being compromised. When you mount a volume with mountsfs and don't explicitly specify the `hotkey=none' option, or when you mount one or more volumes when the SFS driver is loaded and don't explicitly specify the `HOTKEY=NONE' option, the driver or mountsfs will install a default quick-unmount hotkey which is a combination of the left and right shift keys under DOS and either of the two shift keys and the control key under Windows[1]. On most keyboards these keys are fairly large and easy to reach during normal typing. When both shift keys (DOS) or either shift key and the control key (Windows) are pressed and released, all mounted SFS volumes will be unmounted as if you had issued a normal unmount command via mountsfs, and a single beep will sound to indicate that the unmount was successful. Occasionally this default hotkey combination may clash with other software, or you may want to use another hotkey combination. You can do this with the `hotkey=' option, which can be used to specify any combination of the left shift key, right shift key, control key, alt key, and a letter key[2]. The keys are specified in the following manner: Alt key = `alt' Control key = `ctrl' Left shift key = `leftShift' Right shift key = `rightShift' Letter key = `a'...`z' You should separate key combinations with hyphens, `-'. The key names are not case sensitive and can be given in upper or lower case, or a mixture of both. If you use an unknown key name or don't seperate the key names with hyphens, mountsfs will complain: Error: Bad quick-unmount hotkey format For example, to specify the use of the left shift and right shift keys as the quick-unmount hotkey (the usual default setting) when a volume matching the name `secure' is mounted, the command would be: mountsfs hotkey=LeftShift-RightShift volume=secure To use the Control, Alt, and Z keys as the quick-unmount hotkey the command would be: mountsfs hotkey=ctrl-alt-Z volume=secure You can also alter the hotkey value without mounting any volumes, which will merely update the current hotkey without making any other changes. For example to set the right Shift, Control, and I keys as the quick-unmount hotkey (a rather unwieldy combination), the command would be: mountsfs hotkey=rightshift-CTRL-I You can disable the hotkey unmount by specifying `hotkey=none' when mountsfs is run, either as part of a normal mount operation or by simply running mountsfs with only the hotkey option, which will clear the unmount hotkey without making any other changes. Finally, you can also specify the quick-unmount hotkey value when the SFS driver is loaded. More details on this are given in the section "Advanced SFS Driver Options" below. If you perform a hotkey unmount while the driver is accessing a volume, the disk access will complete before the volume is unmounted. The SFS driver can automatically unmount volumes if you not accessed them for a certain amount of time. This feature is useful if there is a chance that an interruption may call you away from a system with mounted SFS volumes which would allow others access to the encrypted data, or you can simply use it as a general safety precaution to automatically unmount the volumes after a sizeable period of inactivity. However, you should take care to allow a large enough safety margin for the timeout, as having a volume take itself offline five seconds before you want to save your work to it can be annoying. The easiest way to set an auto-unmount timeout is to associate a timeout value with the volume when it is created with mksfs, although you can add this setting or modify an existing setting at a later point with the chsfs program (this is explained in more detail in the section "Changing the Characteristics of an SFS Volume" below). When the volume is mounted, the setting of the timeout is automatically taken care of by the SFS software. If the volume has no timeout associated with it then by default mountsfs will not set an auto-unmount timer. You can display the current timeout setting for a volume or volumes using the `mountsfs information' command. However you may want to override the preset timeout value using the `timeout=' option, which is used to specify the delay in minutes until the unmount takes place. For example, using the previous mount command but to have the volume automatically unmounted after 15 minutes of inactivity the command would be: mountsfs timeout=15 volume=secure The timeout period must be between 1 and 30,000 minutes (this means that the upper timeout limit is around three weeks). If you specify a timeout value of less than 1 minute or greater than three weeks, mountsfs will exit with the error message: Error: Timeout value must be between 1 and 30,000 minutes If no accesses are made to a volume within the given time period, it will be automatically unmounted. Like the case when a hotkey unmount is made, a single beep will sound to indicate that the unmount has taken place. Each volume has its own timer, allowing you to give different volumes different lengths of time before they unmount, or to have no auto-unmount time at all. This is useful when, for example, one volume containing highly sensitive information needs to have a very short timeout, while another volume containing less secret information can have a much longer timeout. An example might be a series of three SFS volumes: mountsfs timeout=10 volume=Topsecret mountsfs timeout=30 volume=Secret mountsfs timeout=60 volume=Confidential in which the "Topsecret" volume is given the shortest timeout of only 10 minutes, the "Secret" volume is given a timeout of 30 minutes, and the "Confidential" volume is given the longest timeout of a full hour. You can disable the timed unmount by specifying `timeout=none' when you run mountsfs, either as part of a normal mount operation which will affect only the current volume, or by running mountsfs with only the timeout option, which will clear the timeout for all volumes without making any other changes. If a timed unmount occurs while the driver is accessing a volume, the disk access will complete before the volume is unmounted. Another way to control the mount status of volumes is possible if you are using a smart card to access to them. Depending on how the card was set up with the sfscard or chsfs programs, removing it will either unmount all volumes, unmount the volumes controlled by the card, set the volumes controlled by the card to read-only, or have no effect. If the volume has no card removal action associated with it then by default nothing will happen when the card is removed, unless at least one other mounted volume has an "unmount all volumes" action, which takes precedence over all other actions. You can find the exact settings for a volume with the `mountsfs information' command, which is explained in the section "Mounting an SFS Volume" above. If required you can override the default settings for a volume when you mount it by using the `cardcontrol=' option to specify the action to take when the card is removed. The possible card control actions are `none', which does nothing, `readonly', which makes the volume readonly, and `unmount' and `unmountall', which unmount the given volume or all volumes. For example, to mount the "Topsecret" volume with the condition that it be unmounted when the card is removed from the reader, the command would be: cardsfs cardcontrol=unmount volume=topsecret The volume will now be unmounted if the smart card used to mount it is removed from the card reader. If the SFS driver is using the card currently inserted in the reader, the reader LED will be set to red. Removing the card in this case will result in the reader LED being set to green and the unmount action which is set for the card taking place. Finally, if all is OK, mountsfs will print a short summary message about the action it has performed. If for example there were two volumes F: and G: of which only F: was currently mounted and you told it to unmount all volumes, the summary would be: Volume in drive F: has been unmounted Drive G: is already unmounted Footnote [1]: Windows treats the left and right shift keys as the same key, so there is no way to recognise the left shift and right shift key combination. The shift and control key combination is therefore used in its place. Footnote [2]: The letter key is based on the US keyboard since the SFS driver must check for keyboard scan codes rather than actual character codes, which can differ slightly for some keyboards.